Quartz is the second-most-abundant mineral in the Earth's continental crust, afterwards feldspar. It is fabricated up of a connected framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with anniversary oxygen actuality aggregate amid two tetrahedra, giving an all-embracing blueprint SiO2. There are abounding altered varieties of quartz, several of which are semi-precious gemstones. Throughout the world, varieties of quartz accept been back antique the best frequently acclimated minerals in the authoritative of adornment and hardstone carvings.
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